Pyridoindolobenz[b,e]azepine derivatives and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses pridoinolobenz[b,c]azepine derivatives of Formula 1, wherein X is —O—, —S—, —SO—, or —SO 2 —. Y is a single bond or a double bond. A and B are independently —(CH 2 ) n —; and ‘n’ varies from 0 to 3. R 1  to R 9  are various electron donating, electron withdrawing, hydrophilic, or lipophilic groups selected to optimize the physicochemical and biological properties of compounds of Formula I.

This application claims benefit of priority based on provisional application No. 61/772,057 filed on Mar. 4, 2013.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to novel pentacyclic pyridoindolobenz[b,e]azepine derivatives for the treatment of neurological disorders.

PRELIMINARY NOTE

Various prior art references in the specification are indicated by italicized Arabic numerals in brackets. Full citation corresponding to each reference number is listed at the end of the specification, and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety in order to describe fully and clearly the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

Unless otherwise specified, all technical terms and phrases used herein conform to standard organic and medicinal chemistry nomenclature established by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the American Chemical Society (ACS), and other international professional societies. The rules of nomenclature are described in various publications, including, “Nomenclature of Organic Compounds,” [1], and “Systematic Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry” [2], which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Neurological disorders comprise several major diseases as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-R) [3]. It is well-established that a particular neurological disorder may involve complex interactions of multiple neuroreceptors and neurotransmitters, and, conversely, a single neuroreceptor may be implicated in several disorders, both neurological and non-neurological. For example, the serotonin receptor is implicated in numerous disorders such as depression, anxiety, pain (both acute and chronic), etc.; the dopamine receptor is implicated in movement disorder, addiction, autism, etc; and the sigma receptors are involved in pain (both acute and chronic), and cancer. Many of the receptors that are found in the brain are also found in other areas of the body, including gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood vessels, and muscles, and elicit physiological response upon activation by the ligands.

The rational drug design process is based on the well-established fundamental principle that receptors, antibodies, and enzymes are multispecific, i.e., topologically similar molecules will have similar binding affinity to these biomolecules, and, therefore, are expected to elicit similar physiological response as those of native ligands, antigens, or substrates respectively. Although this principle, as well as molecular modeling and quantitative structure activity relationship studies (QSAR), is quite useful for designing molecular scaffolds that target receptors in a “broad sense,” they do not provide sufficient guidance for targeting specific receptor subtypes, wherein subtle changes in molecular topology could have substantial impact on receptor binding profile. Moreover, this principle is inadequate for predicting in vivo properties of any compound; hence, each class of compound needs to be evaluated in its own right for receptor subtype affinity and selectivity, and in in vivo models to establish efficacy and toxicity profiles. Thus, there is a sustained need for the discovery and development of new drugs that target neuroreceptor subtypes with high affinity and selectivity in order to improve efficacy and/or minimize undesirable side effects.

Serotonin and sigma receptors are widely distributed throughout the body. To date, fourteen serotonin and two sigma receptor subtypes have been isolated, cloned, and expressed. Serotonin receptors mediate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, and also modulate the release of many neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, GABA, glutamate and acetylcholine as well as many hormones such as oxytocin, vasopressin, corticotrophin, and substance P [4, 5]. During the past two decades, serotonin receptor subtype selective compounds have been a rich source of several FDA-approved CNS drugs. Most of these serotonin receptor subtypes have been focus of research in the past couple of decades and this effort has led to the discovery of important therapeutics like Sumatriptan (5-HT_(1B/1D) agonist) for the treatment of migraine, Ondansetron (5-HT₃ agonist) for the treatment of radiation or chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and Zyprexa (5-HT_(2A)/D₂ antagonist) for the treatment of schizophrenia. Therapeutic targets have been identified for 5-HT₄ (learning and memory) [6], 5-HT_(5A) (cognition, sleep) [7], 5-HT₆ (learning, memory) [8] and 5-HT₇ (pain and depression) [9, 10], and some selective ligands have been prepared for all of these receptors with the exception of 5-HT_(5A). However, no CNS drug has yet emerged out of this effort. Thus, there is a need for selective high affinity agonists and antagonists that target serotonin and dopamine receptors for combating various CNS and peripheral disorders implicated by these neurotransmitter systems.

Among the various CNS disorders, drug addiction continues to be an important target for therapeutic intervention. Drug addiction is a devastating CNS disorder with enormous cost to the individual, family, and society. Presently, there is no cure for drug addiction, and overwhelming majority of patients (nearly 85%) undergoing modern day rehabilitation relapse back into compulsive drug consumption. Relapse is motivated by the intense craving for the drug that is experienced by the drug-withdrawn addict, even after being drug-free for many years. Methamphetamine (meth) (1) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA) (2) are increasingly popular psychostimulant/hallucinogenic drugs with extremely high abuse

liabilities. MDMA, commonly known as ‘Ecstasy’ is one of the most extensively abused drugs worldwide during the past several years. It is a recreational drug very popular among the ‘rave’ users and is legally controlled in most countries of the world under UN Convention on Psychiatric Drugs and other international agreements. It is estimated that about 30% of the Americans between the ages of 16 and 25 have used MDMA at least once in their lifetime and majority of them have become habituated to it. The number of life-time users is about 11.6 million in 2009. The cost of treatment meth and MDMA addictions to the individual, society, and the government runs into millions of dollars in the United States alone and, therefore, the development of an effective medication for the treatment of psychostimulant abuse/addiction remains one of the top priorities of the National Institutes on Drug Abuse.

Progress achieved in this field shows the fundamental contribution of brain 5-HT_(1A) and 5-HT_(2B) receptors to virtually all behaviors associated with psychostimulant addiction. Recent data not only show a crucial role of 5-HT_(1A) receptors in the control of brain 5-HT activity and spontaneous behavior, but also their complex role in the regulation of the psychostimulant-induced 5-HT response and subsequent addiction-related behaviors [10] such as comorbid depression. Likewise, Luc Maroteaux et al., reported that serotonin 5-HT_(2B) receptor antagonists are required, and do play an important role in the modulation of serotonin release by MDMA in the brain [11]. These recent findings clearly suggest that 5-HT_(1A/2B) receptor ligands would be useful for the treatment of psychostimulant abuses and comorbidity resulting therefrom.

Rajagopalan[12, 13] and Adams et al. [14] disclosed the pentacyclic scaffolds incorporating the γ-carboline pharmacophore 3-6, where the two phenyl rings are fused at the

‘b’ and ‘f’ positions in the 7-membered D-ring. In particular, the sulfur analog 6b has been shown recently to have atypical antipsychotic properties [15]. However, other pentacyclic analogs, where the E-phenyl ring being fused at other positions in the 7-membered D-ring, have not been disclosed.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the present invention relates to novel pentacyclic γ-carboline scaffold represented by Formula I, wherein the two phenyl groups are fused at the ‘b’ and ‘e’ positions in the 7-membered D-ring. A and B are independently —(CH₂)_(n)—; and ‘n’ varies from 0 to 3. X is —CHR¹⁰—; —O—, —NR¹¹—, —S—, —SO—, or —SO₂—. Y is a single or a double

bond. R¹ to R¹¹ are various electron donating, electron withdrawing, hydrophilic, or lipophilic groups selected to optimize the physicochemical and biological properties of compounds of Formula I. These properties include receptor binding, receptor selectivity, tissue penetration, lipophilicity, toxicity, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics. As will be demonstrated later, some of the compounds of the present invention exhibit favorable in vivo biological properties that could not be ascertained from the prior art literature. Compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of neurological disorders. Moreover, as mentioned before, the receptor binding and pharmacological properties are very sensitive to the overall molecular topology, and these properties cannot be predicted just from the inspection of molecular structure. The overall geometry of the prior art compound 6a is planar whereas the structure of compound 13a of present invention derived from Formula I has a bent conformation with a dihedral angle of about 110° between the E-ring phenyl group and the 7-membered ring as shown in FIG. 1. Hence, the biological activities of the compounds derived from these two scaffolds are expected to be different.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1. Energy-minimized structures of compounds 6a and 13a.

FIG. 2. General synthetic scheme for pyridoindolobenz[b,e]azepines.

FIG. 3. Evaluation of DDD-024 in mice meth-seeking behavior model.

FIG. 4. Evaluation of DDD-024 in mice MDMA-seeking behavior model.

FIG. 5. Evaluation of DDD-024 in mice depression model.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to pentacyclic compounds of Formula I, wherein

-   -   X is —CHR¹⁰—, —O—, —NR¹¹—, —S—, —SO—, or —SO₂—;     -   Y is a single bond or a double bond;     -   A and B are independently —(CH₂)_(n)—, and subscript ‘n’ varies         from 0 to 3;     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀         alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ aryl unsubstituted or         substituted with electron donating groups (EDG) or electron         withdrawing groups (EWG), C₁-C₁₅ aroylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀         alkoxycarbonylalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl         unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG;     -   R² to R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, —NR¹²R¹³,         C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, halogen, trihaloalkyl, cyano, carboxyl,         C₁-C₁₀ acyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl; C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl; C₅-C₁₀         aryl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG, and C₅-C₁₀         arylalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG; and     -   R¹² and R¹³ are independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R¹²         and R¹³ may optionally be tethered together from a ring.

The phrase, ‘electron donating group (EDG)’ and ‘electron withdrawing group (EWG)’ are well understood in the art. EDG comprises alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, acyloxy, acylamino, mercapto, alkylthio, and the like. EWG comprises halogen, acyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, and the like.

The first embodiment of the present invention is represented by Formula I, wherein

-   -   X is —CHR¹⁰—;     -   Y is a single bond or a double bond;     -   A and B are —(CH₂)_(n)—, and ‘n’ is 1 or 2;     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀         alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ aryl unsubstituted or         substituted with electron donating or electron withdrawing         groups, C₁-C₁₅ aroylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonylalkyl,         C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG;     -   R² to R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, —NR¹²R¹³,         C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, halogen, trihaloalkyl, cyano, carboxyl,         C₁-C₁₀ acyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl; C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl; C₅-C₁₀         aryl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG, and C₅-C₁₀         arylalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG; and

R¹² and R¹³ are independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R¹² and R¹³ may optionally be tethered together from a ring.

The second embodiment is represented by Formula I, wherein

-   -   X is —O—;     -   Y is a single bond or a double bond;     -   A and B are —(CH₂)_(n)—, and ‘n’ is 1 or 2;     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀         alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ aryl unsubstituted or         substituted with electron donating or electron withdrawing         groups, C₁-C₁₅ aroylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonylalkyl,         C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG;     -   R² to R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, —NR¹²R¹³,         C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, halogen, trihaloalkyl, cyano, carboxyl,         C₁-C₁₀ acyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl; C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl; C₅-C₁₀         aryl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG, and C₅-C₁₀         arylalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG; and

R¹² and R¹³ are independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R¹² and R¹³ may optionally be tethered together from a ring.

The third embodiment is represented by Formula I, wherein

-   -   X is —S—;     -   Y is a single bond or a double bond;     -   A and B are —(CH₂)_(n)—, and ‘n’ is 1 or 2;     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀         alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ aryl unsubstituted or         substituted with electron donating or electron withdrawing         groups, C₁-C₁₅ aroylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonylalkyl,         C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG;     -   R² to R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, —NR¹²R¹³,         C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, halogen, trihaloalkyl, cyano, carboxyl,         C₁-C₁₀ acyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl; C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl; C₅-C₁₀         aryl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG, and C₅-C₁₀         arylalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG; and

R¹² and R¹³ are independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R¹² and R¹³ may optionally be tethered together from a ring.

The fourth embodiment is represented by Formula I, wherein

-   -   X is —NR¹¹—;     -   Y is a single bond or a double bond;     -   A and B are —(CH₂)_(n)—, and ‘n’ is 1 or 2;     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀         alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ aryl unsubstituted or         substituted with electron donating or electron withdrawing         groups, C₁-C₁₅ aroylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonylalkyl,         C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG;

R² to R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, —NR¹²R¹³, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, halogen, trihaloalkyl, cyano, carboxyl, C₁-C₁₀ acyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl; C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl; C₅-C₁₀ aryl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG, and C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with EDG or EWG; and

R¹² and R¹³ are independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and R¹² and R¹³ may optionally be tethered together from a ring.

The fifth embodiment is represented by Formula I, wherein

-   -   X is —CHR¹⁰—;     -   Y is a single bond or a double bond;     -   A is —CH₂—;     -   B is —CH₂CH₂—;     -   R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl; or C₁-C₁₅         aroylalkyl; and     -   each of R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ is hydrogen.

The sixth embodiment is represented by Formula I, wherein

-   -   X is —O—;     -   Y is a single bond or a double bond;     -   A is —CH₂—;     -   B is —CH₂CH₂—;     -   R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl; or C₁-C₁₅         aroylalkyl; and     -   each of R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ is hydrogen.

The seventh embodiment is represented by Formula I, wherein

-   -   X is —S—;     -   Y is a single bond or a double bond;     -   A is —CH₂—;     -   B is —CH₂CH₂—;     -   R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl; or C₁-C₁₅         aroylalkyl; and     -   each of R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ is hydrogen.

The seventh embodiment is represented by Formula I, wherein

-   -   X is —NR¹¹—;     -   Y is a single bond or a double bond;     -   A is —CH₂—;     -   B is —CH₂CH₂—;     -   R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl; or C₁-C₁₅         aroylalkyl;     -   each of R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R¹⁰ is hydrogen; and     -   R¹¹ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

The compounds belonging to Formula I can be synthesized by the well-known Fisher indole synthesis starting from known tricyclic dibenzazepines, dibenzoxazepines, and dibenzothiazepines (7a,b) [14, 15] as outlined in FIG. 2. Stereospecific reduction of the double bond in B|C ring junction can be accomplished by NaBH₃CN/TFA or with BH₃ to give the cis- and trans-reduced compounds 11a,b and 12a,b respectively. Compounds of the present invention may exist as a single stereoisomer or as mixture of enantiomers and diastereomers whenever chiral centers are present. Individual enantiomers can be isolated by resolution methods or by chromatography using chiral columns, and the diastereomers can be separated by standard purification methods such as fractional crystallization or chromatography.

As is well known in the pharmaceutical industry, the compounds of the present invention represented by Formula I, commonly referred to as ‘active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)’ or ‘drug substance’, can be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. In particular, the drug substance can be formulated as a salt, ester, or other derivative, and can be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable buffers, diluents, carriers, adjuvants, preservatives, and excipients. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” means those formulations which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to acetate, adipate, citrate, tartarate, benzoate, phosphate, glutamate, gluconate, fumarate, maleate, succinate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, hydrochloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and the like. The formulation technology for manufacture of the drug product is well-known in the art, and are described in “Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy” [16], incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The final formulated product, commonly referred to as ‘drug product,’ may be administered enterally, parenterally, or topically. Enteral route includes oral, rectal, topical, buccal, ophthalmic, and vaginal administration. Parenteral route includes intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, and subcutaneous injection or infusion. The drug product may be delivered in solid, liquid, or vapor forms, or can be delivered through a catheter for local delivery at a target. Also, it may be administered alone or in combination with other drugs if medically necessary.

Formulations for oral administration include capsules (soft or hard), tablets, pills, powders, and granules. Such formulations may comprise the API along with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients selected from the following: (a) buffering agents such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate; (b) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid; (c) binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and acacia; (d) humectants such as glycerol; (e) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates and sodium carbonate; (f) solution retarding agents such as paraffin; (g) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (h) wetting agents such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (i) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay and (j) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate. and mixtures thereof; (k) coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, flavoring agents, and the like.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the API, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents, solubilizing agents, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents used in the art.

Compositions suitable for parenteral injection may comprise physiologically acceptable, sterile aqueous or nonaqueous isotonic solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. The compositions may also optionally contain adjuvants such as preserving; wetting; emulsifying; dispensing, and antimicrobial agents. Examples of suitable carriers, diluents, solvents, vehicles, or adjuvants include water; ethanol; polyols such as propyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, glycerol, and the like; vegetable oils such as cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils, and the like; organic esters such as ethyl oleate and suitable mixtures thereof; phenol, parabens, sorbic acid, and the like.

Injectable formulations may also be suspensions that contain suspending agents such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of the drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, these compositions release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Thus, the rate of drug release and the site of delivery can be controlled. Examples of embedding compositions include, but are not limited to polylactide-polyglycolide poly(orthoesters), and poly(anhydrides), and waxes. The technology pertaining to controlled release formulations are described in “Design of Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems,” [17] incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Formulations for topical administration include powders, sprays, ointments and inhalants. These formulations include the API along with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposomes. Any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used. The present compositions in liposome form can contain, in addition to a compound of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients and the like. The preferred lipids are natural and synthetic phospholipids and phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins) used separately or together. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art and are described in “Liposomes,” [18], which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered to a patient in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable ‘prodrugs.’ Prodrugs are generally used to enhance the bioavailabilty, solubility, in vivo stability, or any combination thereof of the API. They are typically prepared by linking the API covalently to a biodegradable functional group such as a phosphate that will be cleaved enzymatically or hydrolytically in blood, stomach, or GI tract to release the API. A detailed discussion of the prodrug technology is described in “Prodrugs: Design and Clinical Applications,” [19] incorporated herein by reference.

The dosage levels of API in the drug product can be varied so as to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient. The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” of the compound of the invention means a sufficient amount of the compound to treat disorders, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated, the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed, age, body weight, general health, sex, diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed, and the duration of the treatment. The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered may range from about 0.0001 to about 1000 mg/kg/day. For purposes of oral administration, more preferable doses can be in the range from about 0.001 to about 5 mg/kg/day. If desired, the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for optimal therapeutic effect.

The following examples illustrate specific embodiments and utilities of the invention, and are not meant to limit the invention. As would be apparent to skilled artisans, various modifications in the composition, operation, and method are possible, and are contemplated herein without departing from the concept and scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

Example 1 Synthesis of Compound of Formula I, Wherein X is CHR¹⁰, Y is a Double Bond, R¹ is CH₁, and R² to R¹⁰ are Hydrogens (13a) (DDD-029)

Step 1.

Dibenz[b,e]azepine (1.95 g, 10 mmol) in ethanol (25 mL), and acetic acid (10 mL) was gently stirred and heated to dissolved all the solids. Thereafter, the solution was cooled to ambient temperature and treated with a concentrated, aqueous solution of NaNO₂ (1.03 g, 15 mmol) in water (5 mL) added dropwise over a period of 5 minutes. The reaction was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minures and treated with water (30 mL). The solid was collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried to give 1.9 g (89%) of the N-nitroso compound. The material was used as such for the next step.

Step 2.

A stirring mixture of nitroso compound from Step 1 (336 mg, 1.5 mmol) and N-methyl-4-piperidone hydrochloride (270 mg, 1.8 mmol) in ethanol (4.5 mL) and acetic acid (1.5 mL) was treated with zinc dust (393 mg, 6.0 mmol) added in three equal portions allowing 5-10 minutes between the additions. The reaction was then stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to about 0-5° C., diluted and carefully treated with 10% NaOH (2 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient elution, 0-10% methanol/chloroform over 90 minutes) to furnish 200 mg (43%) of the hydrazone.

Step 3.

A suspension of the hydrazone from Step 2 (400 mg, 1.3 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) was treated with 1 M solution of hydrogen chloride in diethyl ether (2.6 mL, 2.6 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (300 mg, 1.6 mmol), and the entire mixture was heated under reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, treated with 10% NaOH (4 mL), and extracted with dichloromethane (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient elution, 0-10% methanol/chloroform over 90 minutes) to give 140 mg (37%) of the desired product 13a. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₂ (M+H)⁺ 289.1699. found, 289.1698.

Example 2 Synthesis of Compound of Formula I, Wherein X is O, Y is a Double Bond, R¹ is CH₃, and R² to R⁹ are Hydrogens 13b (DDD-024)

Step 1.

To a well stirred solution of compound dibenz[b,e]oxazepine (6.98 g, 32.7 mmol) in THF (30 mL) and AcOH (9 mL), a concentrated solution of NaNO₂ (7.03 g, 101.9 mmol) in water (12 mL) was added dropwise at ambient temperature. The reaction was stirred at ambient temperature for 20 min and treated with water (100 mL). The product was filtered, washed with water, and dried to give 7.67 g (97%) of the nitroso compound.

Step 2.

To a stirred solution of nitroso compound from step 1 (14.6 g, 61.1 mmol) and N-methyl 4-pyridone (9.04 g, 79.9 mmol) in ethanol (150 mL) and acetic acid (20 mL) at 55° C., was added zinc dust (12.0 g, 183.5 mmol) in three equal portions allowing 10 mins between the additions. The reaction was stirred for another 5 minutes and filtered hot. The solid washed with ethanol, and the resultant solution was heated to reflux for 30 minutes, and thereafter the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was treated with 8 mL of acetic acid, and heated to reflux for about 16 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (500 mL). The solid impurity was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was washed with 10% NaOH solution. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate taken to dryness in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 0-5% MeOH/chloroform as the eluent to give 3.0 g (16%) of the desired product 13b. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₉H₁₉N₂O (M+H)⁺ 291.1492. found, 291.1484.

Example 3 Synthesis of Compound of Formula I, Wherein X is O, Y is a Single Bond with Cis-Fused B|C Rings, R¹ is CH₃, and R² to R⁹ are Hydrogens 14a,b (DDD-030)

A stirrerd cold solution of compound 13b from Example 2 (2 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (6.5 mL) at −5° C., was carefully treated with solid sodium cyanoborohydride (0.125 g, 2.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h, treated with 6N HCl solution, and heated under reflux for 30 minutes. The solution was cooled to ambient temperature, and excess trifluoroacetic acid is removed in vacuo. The residue was rendered alkaline with 25% NaOH solution (12 mL), and the solution was extracted with chloroform. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo. The crude compound was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using 0-5% MeOH/Chloroform gradient elution. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₉H₂₁N₂O (M+H)⁺ 293.1648. found, 293.1647.

Example 4 Synthesis of Compound of Formula I, Wherein X is O, Y is a Single Bond with Trans-Fused B|C Rings, R¹ is CH₃, and R² to R⁹ are Hydrogens 15a,b (DDD-031)

The compound 13b from Example 2 (1 mmol) was treated with borane-THF (10 mL, 1.0 M) at ambient temperature, and the mixture is heated under reflux for 1 hour by which time the reaction mixture became clear. After cooling to ambient temperature, the solution was treated with water to quench excess reagent borane reagent. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was treated with conc. HCl (7 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hours and evaporated to dryness in vacuo, and treated with 10% NaOH solution (10 mL). The product was then extracted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 0-5% MeOH/Chloroform gradient elution. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₉H₂₁N₂O (M+H)⁺ 293.1648. found, 293.1647.

Example 5 Receptor Binding Data of Compounds 6a, 13a, and 13b

The receptor binding data of compounds 6a, 13a, and 13b are given in Table 1. As can be clearly noted, the receptor binding profiles between 13a, and 13b are substantially different from each other as well as from the prior art compound 6a. Most noteworthy is the fact that neither of the two compounds 13a and 13b binds significantly to any of the dopamine receptors. Compound 13a displays strong binding to 5-HT_(1D), 5-HT_(2B), and H₁, and moderate binding at 5-HT_(1A), 5-HT₆, and 5-HT₇. Compound 13b binds strongly to 5-HT_(1A); and moderate binding to 5-HT_(1D), HT_(2C), binding 5-HT₆, 5-HT₇, and σ₁. It is noteworthy that 13a and 13b differ strongly in their binding affinities to σ₁ and σ₂ receptors, which suggests that 13a and 13b may be useful for the treatment of cancer and pain respectively [21, 22].

TABLE 1 Receptor Binding Data, K_(i) (nM). Receptor 6a 13a 13b Serotonin 5-HT_(1A) 596 375 32 5-HT_(1B) 1363 715 738 5-HT_(1D) 85 29 385 5-HT_(1E) 4045 >10,000 >10,000 5-HT_(2A) 24 736 927 5-HT_(2B) 87 57 195 5-HT_(2C) 10 >10,000 247 5-HT₃ >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 5-HT_(5A) 750 >10,000 1905 5-HT₆ 155 273 189 5-HT₇ 100 212 258 Dopamine D₁ >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 D₂ 835 >10,000 >10,000 D₃ >10,000 1496 >10,000 D₄ >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 D₅ 581 >10,000 >10,000 α-Adrenergic α_(1A) 2371 >10,000 5863 α_(1B) 3310 >10,000 >10,000 α_(1D) 595 >10,000 5033 α_(2A) 228 1800 1459 α_(2B) 413 2187 >10,000 α_(2C) 173 770 507 β-Adrenergic β₁ >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 β₂ >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 β₃ >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 Histamine H₁ 50 48 733 H₂ 81 >10,000 4732 H₃ >10,000 >10,000 Sigma σ₁ 6143 >10,000 220 σ₂ 2234 520 1815 Opioid δ >10,000 >10,000 310 κ 2179 >10,000 >10,000 μ >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 Muscarinic M₁ 4465 >10,000 >10,000 M₂ >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 M₃ 3761 >10,000 >10,000 M₄ >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 M₅ 5167 >10,000 >10,000 Transporters Dopamine >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 Norepinephrine >10,000 >10,000 1955 Serotonin 2190 2190 413

Example 6 Mice Meth-Seeking Behavioral Study with Compound 13b (DDD-024)

DDD-024 was initially tested for effects on the reinstatement of meth seeking in a small pilot group of rats with a history of chronic meth self-administration. Rats self-administered meth (0.02 mg/50 μl bolus; approximately 0.06 mg/kg) for two weeks, followed by daily extinction sessions, whereby responding did not result in reinforcement. Rats received a vehicle (10% DMSO) or DDD-024 (10 mg/kg) injection (i.p.) just before each reinstatement session, which consisted of a meth priming injection (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and presentation of meth-associated cues (tone and light) upon each lever press. Results: DDD-024 significantly reduced the number of lever presses, reflecting attenuation of meth seeking behavior (FIG. 3).

Example 7 Mice MDMA Seeking Behavioral Study with Compound 13b (DDD-024)

In this in vivo study, locomotor activity was measured in a circular corridor with four infrared beams placed at every 90° (Imetronic, France). Counts were incremented by consecutive interruption of two adjacent beams (i.e. mice moving through one-quarter of the corridor). DDD-024 was tested in MDMA-induced motor behavior at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, ip, in mice (129SV/PAS background, 8 week old, Charles River Laboratories). The animals were injected with vehicle and individually placed in the activity box for 30 min during 3 days consecutively for habituation before experiments. Mice received vehicle or DDD-024 (5-20 mg/kg, i.p.) injection 30 min before MDMA injection (10 mg/kg). Results: DDD-024 completely blocked the increase in motor activity elicited by MDMA at 20 mg/kg, i p. in mice and partially at 10 mg/kg reflecting attenuation of MDMA-seeking behavior (FIG. 4).

Example 8 In Vivo Depression Model Study with Compound 13b (DDD-024)

DDD-024 was tested in the forced swim test using three groups of rats (n=10 each for vehicle, positive control (imipramine), and DDD-024. Each subject in the control group received 10 mg/kg of imipramine, and those in the test group received 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of DDD-024 (i.p.). After 1 hour, the rats were individually placed in a 500 mL container of water (22° C.) filled to a height of 10 cm. Rats were observed for immobility and time taken for immobility was recorded, as well as recording performance on video. Immobility is the measure of the absence of active, escape-oriented behaviors such as swimming, jumping, rearing, sniffing, or diving. Results: DDD-024 is comparable to imipramine in its antidepressive activity at the 10 mg/kg dose (FIG. 5).

REFERENCES

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We claim:
 1. A compound of Formula I, wherein

X is —CHR¹⁰—, —O—, —NR¹¹—, —S—, —SO—, or —SO₂—; Y is a single bond or a double bond; A and B are independently —(CH₂)_(n)—; subscript ‘n’ varies from 0 to 3; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonylalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ aryl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₅ aroylalkyl; each of R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, —NR¹²R¹³, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, halogen, trihaloalkyl, cyano, carboxyl, C₁-C₁₀ acyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₁₀ aryl, and C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl; and each of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is a double bond; A is —CH₂—; and B is —(CH₂)₂—.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein X is —CH₂— or —O—; and R² is hydrogen.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen; and R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are hydrogens.
 5. The compound of claim 3, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are hydrogens; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen.
 6. The compound of claim 4, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 7. The compound of claim 5, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein R¹ is hydrogen or CH₃; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is a single bond with cis-fused B|C rings; A is —CH₂—; and B is —(CH₂)₂—.
 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein X is —CH₂— or —O—; and R² is hydrogen.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen; and R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are hydrogens.
 12. The compound of claim 10, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are hydrogens; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen.
 13. The compound of claim 11, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 14. The compound of claim 12, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein R¹ is hydrogen or CH₃; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is a single bond with trans-fused B|C rings; A is —CH₂—; and B is —(CH₂)₂—.
 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein X is —CH₂— or —O—; and R² is hydrogen.
 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen; and R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are hydrogens.
 20. The compound of claim 18, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are hydrogens; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen.
 21. The compound of claim 19, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 22. The compound of claim 20, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 23. The compound of claim 22, wherein R¹ is hydrogen or CH₃; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen.
 24. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising the compound of claim 8 in a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation for administration to a patient.
 25. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 8, in which the formulation is pharmaceutically acceptable for oral administration.
 26. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 8, in which the formulation is pharmaceutically acceptable for topical administration.
 27. A method of treating drug addiction, depression, and pain comprising administering an effective amount of pharmaceutically acceptable composition of Formula I, wherein

X is —CHR¹⁰—, —O—, —NR¹¹—, —S—, —SO—, or —SO₂—; Y is a single bond or a double bond; A and B are independently —(CH₂)_(n)—; subscript ‘n’ varies from 0 to 3; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonylalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ aryl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₅ aroylalkyl; each of R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, —NR¹²R¹³, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, halogen, trihalo alkyl, cyano, carboxyl, C₁-C₁₀ acyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₁₀ aryl, and C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl; and each of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein Y is a double bond; A is —CH₂—; and B is —(CH₂)₂—.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein X is —CH₂— or —O—; and R² is hydrogen.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁° alkoxyl, and halogen; and R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are hydrogens.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are hydrogens; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein R¹ is hydrogen or CH₃; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen.
 35. The method of claim 27, wherein Y is a single bond with cis-fused B|C rings; A is —CH₂—; and B is —(CH₂)₂—.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein X is —CH₂— or —O—; and R² is hydrogen.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen; and R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are hydrogens.
 38. The method of claim 36, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are hydrogens; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen.
 39. The method of claim 37, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 40. The method of claim 38, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein R¹ is hydrogen or CH₃; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen.
 42. The method of claim 27, wherein Y is a single bond with trans-fused B|C rings; A is —CH₂—; and B is —(CH₂)₂—.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein X is —CH₂— or —O—; and R² is hydrogen.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen; and R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are hydrogens.
 45. The method of claim 43, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and C₁-C₁₀ carbamoylalkyl; R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are hydrogens; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, and halogen.
 46. The method of claim 44, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 47. The method of claim 45, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CONH₂; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen, CH₃, hydroxyl, OCH₃, F, or Cl.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein R¹ is hydrogen or CH₃; and each of R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is hydrogen.
 49. The method of claim 47, said drug addiction is meth addiction.
 50. The method of claim 47, said drug addiction is MDMA addiction.
 51. The method of claim 47, said pain is neuropathic pain. 